Recent years have seen some of the biggest securities scandals in Vietnam’s history, involving leading firms in banking and real estate. Violations span from the stock market to the bond market, including market manipulation, misinformation in securities issuance, and misappropriation of offering proceeds. These violations have had severe repercussions for investors and the broader economy. High-profile incidents involving Van Thinh Phat, FLC, and Tan Hoang Minh underscore the urgency of reform.

Recognising these challenges, in November the National Assembly passed amendments to the Law on Securities (LoS), with the changes taking effect from January. Below are the key updates that issuers, investors, and other market players should be aware of.

The amended LoS introduces stricter regulations on primary markets by imposing additional conditions and documentation requirements for securities offerings, while elaborating on rules regarding the suspension and cancellation of offerings.

Partner Dang Hoan My (left) and associate Ngo Dang Loc of Indochine Counsel

More stringent rules for public offers

For public stock offerings, issuers must submit an auditor-certified report confirming their actual contributed capital at the time of stock issuance registration. This requirement aims to prevent cases like Faros, which significantly overstated its registered capital.

The amended LoS also imposes new conditions on public bond offerings, including requirements for bondholder representatives, credit ratings, and limits on the debt-to-equity (D/E) ratio and bond issuance value. However, the law does not specify these conditions and limitations. Under Decree No.155/2020, requirements for bondholder representatives and credit ratings currently apply only to secured bonds or those with a particularly high issuance value. A draft decree amending Decree 155 proposes extending these conditions to all public bond offerings, regardless of bond type or issuance value.

Notably, the draft amended Decree 155 also introduces limitations on the D/E ratio and bond issuance value, requiring that issuers maintain a D/E ratio below 4:1 and limit bond issuance value to their equity capital. These measures aim to ensure financial stability, safeguard bondholders’ rights, and mitigate risks such as thin capitalisation. However, such proposals remain controversial, as they could be overly restrictive and hinder firms’ access to public financing.

Private placements and expanded authority

The amended LoS maintains existing restrictions from the LoS, allowing only professional and strategic investors to subscribe to and trade privately issued securities, while introducing further refinements. Notably, the law now explicitly includes foreign investors engaged in business activities in Vietnam as professional investors. Unlike domestic investors, who must meet specific capital or capacity criteria, foreign investors are not subject to additional qualifications or a formal verification process to obtain professional investor status.

For private bond placements, the amended LoS introduces a new restriction, allowing individual professional investors to purchase privately issued bonds only if the bonds have a credit rating and are secured by collateral or guaranteed by a credit institution. An earlier draft of the law proposed barring individuals from purchasing privately issued bonds entirely, but the government ultimately opted for additional conditions to balance investor protection with market access.

For private stock placements, the amended LoS requires that the general meeting of shareholders (GMS) specify the number of shares to be issued, the issue price, or the method for determining the price in the issuance plan.

The amended LoS grants the State Securities Commission (SSC) broader authority to cancel public offerings beyond previously regulated circumstances. Specifically, the SSC may cancel a public offering even after its completion if it identifies inaccuracies or material omissions in the issuance registration dossier that could affect investor decisions.

Additionally, the SSC may cancel a public offering if the distribution of securities is found to be non-compliant with regulations. However, once stocks are listed or registered for trading, their public offering cannot be cancelled.

The new provisions on cancellation and suspension also apply to private placements. The amended LoS introduces clauses on suspending and cancelling private placements, mirroring the structure and content of those applicable to public offerings. This ensures regulatory consistency across different types of securities issuances.

The definition of securities market manipulation has now been incorporated into the amended law, photo Le Toan

Increasing legal risks

Public companies now face stricter requirements to maintain their status, including an equity capital threshold of at least VND30 billion ($1.17 million), in addition to existing conditions related to charter capital and shareholder structure. Companies that do not meet these conditions must notify the SSC within 15 days, and if dissatisfaction persists for over a year, they may lose their public company status.

Regulatory oversight of disclosure obligations has also been strengthened. Companies that fail to publish audited financial statements or resolutions from their annual general meetings for two consecutive years risk delisting and losing their public company status. Additionally, issuers that complete an initial public offering but fail to list within a year will have their public status revoked.

The definition of “securities market manipulation” has now been incorporated into the amended LoS, aligning with existing provisions in Decree No.156/2020 and the Criminal Code 2015. This move highlights regulators’ serious approach to maintaining market stability and protecting retail investors. The SSC and the Vietnam Stock Exchange may increase scrutiny of non-ordinary and suspicious transactions.

For example, at the end of 2024, the Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange requested an explanation from Yeah1 regarding its sharp stock price increase over five consecutive trading periods. Investors, particularly those with high-volume and frequent transactions, should be mindful of actions that could be deemed market manipulation. Listed firms should also monitor securities price fluctuations and be prepared for regulatory inquiries.

Recent scandals have highlighted the need for greater accountability among issuers and other intermediaries such as advisors, auditors, and underwriters, particularly in the securities offering process. The amended LoS steps up to this challenge by holding these market participants to a higher standard. Key provisions include organisations and individuals responsible for preparing securities-related documents must guarantee their accuracy, completeness and transparency, ensuring that investors have all the information needed to make informed decisions.

The law also ensures that advisors are required to act with integrity and diligence, conducting thorough analysis and due diligence when reviewing dossier information, while auditors must rigorously adhere to auditing standards, taking responsibility for their opinions on the accuracy and fairness of audited financial statements.

A key clarification in the amended LoS is that regulatory bodies are responsible only for verifying the validity of submitted documents, not for endorsing their accuracy. A submission is considered valid if it includes all required documents with fully disclosed contents, in accordance with legal regulations.

The amended law aims to address weaknesses exposed in recent enforcement actions, rather than introducing a comprehensive reform of Vietnam’s capital markets. While these changes enhance transparency and investor protection, they may also introduce compliance burdens that could restrict market growth in the short term.

As Vietnam strives to upgrade from a frontier to an emerging market, these legislative adjustments reflect regulators’ efforts to align with global standards. Whether these measures will strengthen market confidence without stifling capital-raising activities remains to be seen. What is certain, however, is that all market participants must adapt to the evolving regulatory landscape to navigate Vietnam’s capital markets effectively.